| use regular plural noun suffixes -s or -es e.g. dog, dogs; wish, wishes, including the effects of these suffixes on the meaning of the noun | form nouns using suffixes such as -ness, -er and by compounding e.g. whiteboard, superman | form nouns using a range of prefixes e.g. super-, anti-, auto- | understands the grammatical difference between plural and possessive -s |
| use suffixes that can be added to verbs where no change is needed in the spelling of root words e.g. helping, helped, helper | form adjectives using suffixes such as -ful, -less | use the forms a or an according to whether the next word begins with a consonant or a vowel e.g. a rock, an open box | use standard English forms for verb inflections instead of local spoken forms e.g. we were instead of we was, or I did instead of I done |
| understand how the prefix un- changes the meaning of verbs and adjectives e.g. negation, for example, unkind, or undoing: untie the boat | use suffixes -er, -est in adjectives and use -ly to turn adjectives into adverbs e.g. smoothly, softly, bigger, biggest | identify Word families based on common root words e.g. solve, solution, solver, dissolve, insoluble | use noun phrases expanded by the addition of modifying adjectives, nouns and preposition phrases e.g. the teacher expanded to: the strict maths teacher with curly hair |
| understand how words can combine to make sentences | use subordination (using when, if, that, because) and co-ordination (using or, and, but) | express time, place and cause using conjunctions e.g. when, before, after, while, so, because, adverbs e.g. then, next, soon, therefore, or prepositions e.g. before, after, during, in, because of | use fronted adverbials e.g. Later that day, I heard the bad news. |
| use joining words and join clauses using and | use expanded noun phrases for description and specification e.g. the blue butterfly, plain flour, the man in the moon | begin to use paragraphs as a way to group related material | use paragraphs to organise ideas around a theme |
| sequence sentences to form short narratives | understand how the grammatical patterns in a sentence indicate its function as a statement, question, exclamation or command | use headings and sub-headings to aid presentation | make the appropriate choice of pronoun or noun within and across sentences to aid cohesion and avoid repetition |
| separate words with spaces | make the correct choice and make consistent use of present tense and past tense throughout writing | use the present perfect form of verbs instead of the simple past e.g. He has gone out to play contrasted with He went out to play | use inverted commas and other punctuation to indicate direct speech e.g. a comma after the reporting clause; end punctuation within inverted commas: The conductor shouted, Sit down! |
| use capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences in some of his/her writing | use the progressive form of verbs in the present and past tense to mark actions in progress e.g. she is drumming, he was shouting | begin to use inverted commas to punctuate direct speech | use apostrophes to mark plural possession e.g. the girl's name, the girls' names |
| use a capital letter for names of people, places, the days of the week, and the personal pronoun I | use capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences consistently in his/her writing | understand the following terminology: Preposition, conjunction. Word family, prefix. Clause, subordinate clause. Direct speech. Consonant, consonant letter vowel, vowel letter. Inverted commas (or 'speech marks'). | use commas after fronted adverbials |
| understand the following terminology: Letter, capital letter. Word, singular, plural. Sentence. Punctuation, full stop, question mark, exclamation mark | use commas to separate items in a list | | understand the following terminology: Determiner. Pronoun, possessive pronoun. Adverbial |
| use apostrophes to mark where letters are missing in spelling and to mark singular possession in nouns e.g. the girl's name | | |
| understand the following terminology: Noun, noun phrase. Statement, question, exclamation, command. Compound, suffix. Adjective, adverb, verb. Tense (past, present). Apostrophe, comma | | |
